3 used to / be used to
　　used to +
do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.
　　Scarf used to take a walk.　 (过去常常散步)
　　be used to + doing：
对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
　　He is used to a vegetarian diet.
　　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
典型例题
---- Your phone
number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A.
didn't　　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't
　　答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看
出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
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4 一般将来时
1)　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
　　will
在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
　　Which paragraph shall I read first.
　　Will you
be at home at seven this evening?
2)　be going to +不定式，表示将来。
　 a.
主语的意图，即将做某事。
　　　What are you going to do tomorrow?
　 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
　 c. 有迹象要发生的事
　　 Look at the
dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3)　 be
+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
　　 We are to discuss the report next
Saturday.
4)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
　　He is about to leave for
Beijing.
　 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
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5 be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to　表将来
　　　　　　　 will　表意愿
　　If
you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as
possible.
　　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new
clothes on you in front of the mirror.
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6 be to和be going to
　　 be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
　　 be going to
表示主观的打算或计划。
　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客观安排)
　I'm going
to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
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8 用现在进行时表示将来
　 意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive,
leave, stay等。
　 I'm leaving tomorrow.
　 Are you staying here till next
week?

9 现在完成时
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状　态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去　但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或　状态。其构成：
have (has) +过去分词。

10 比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday,
last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this
morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already,
recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just,
yet,　　　　　　till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get
married等。
　举例：
　 I saw this film yesterday.
　　（强调看的动作发生过了。）
　 I have
seen this film.
　　（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so
early?
　　（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
　 Who hasn't handed in his
paper?
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
　 She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
　 She returned yesterday.
　　 她是昨天回来了。
　 He has been in the
League for three years.
　　(在团内的状态可延续)
　 He has been a League member for
three years.
　　(是团员的状态可持续)
　 He joined the League three years ago.
　　( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
　 I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
　 ---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
　 （错）Tom
has written a letter to his parents last night.
　 （对）Tom wrote a letter to
his parents last night.
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11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time….
that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
　 It is the first time that I have visited the
city.
　 It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is
the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
　　　 这是我看过的最好的电影。
　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him
sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D.
am coming
　 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
(2)
---Have you ____ been to our town before?
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___
here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have
come
　 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I
have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter
for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
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14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
　　延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结
果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
　　 He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
　　 I've
known him since then.　　 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2)　用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
　　 He didn't come back until ten
o'clock.
　　　　他到10 点才回来。
　　 He slept until ten o'clock.
　　　　他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her
several times.
A. had met　B. have met　 C. met　D. meet
　 答案B.
首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several
times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
　---Oh,
not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been　 B. had been　 C.
was　D. will be
　 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
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15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had
+过去分词构成。
那时以前　 那时　现在
2） 用法
　a.　在told, said, knew, heard,
thought等动词后的宾语从句。
　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
　b.
状语从句
　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
　　 When the police
arrived, the thieves had run away.
　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think,
intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
　　 We had hoped that you would come,
but you didn't.
3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as
soon as。
　 He said that he had learned some English before.
　 By the time
he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
　Tom was
disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book
she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had
written, had left　D. were writing, had left
　 答案D.
"把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意：　had
no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就……
　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就……
　 He had no
sooner bought the car than he sold it.
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16 用一般过去时代替完成时
1)　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but
等连词时，多用一般过去时。
　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
　　 My aunt gave me a
hat and I lost it.
2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
　　 When
I heard the news, I was very excited.
3)　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
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17 将来完成时
　1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
　2) 概念
a.
状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
　　b.
动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
　　　They will have been married for 20
years by then.
　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time
tomorrow.
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18 现在进行时
　现在进行时的基本用法：
　a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
　　 We
are waiting for you.
　b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
　　 Mr. Green is
writing another novel.
(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
　　 She is learning piano
under Mr. Smith.
　c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
　　 It's getting warmer and warmer.
　d.
与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
　　 You are
always changing your mind.
典型例题
　 My dictionary ___, I have looked for
it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find　　 B. is missing,
don't find　C. has lost, haven't found　 D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
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19 不用进行时的动词
　1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe,
exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
　　I have two
brothers.
　　This house belongs to my sister.
　2) 心理状态的动词
Know,
realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want,
need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
　　I need your
help.
　　He loves her very much.
　3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive,
complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
　　I accept your
advice.
　4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get,
become, turn
　　You seem a little tired.
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