>>>武汉申友GMAT编辑<<<
很多GMAT小白刚开始接触逻辑的时候，对做题的方法比较生疏，其中就包括不熟悉类比推理的模式。那么今天就通过例题跟大家分享一下在考试过程中如何搞定类比推理的题目，希望对大家有帮助。
类比推理是指根据两个对象某些相同或相似属性，通过比较类推出它们在其他属性上也相同，从而证明论点的推理方法。所以判断一道题是不是类比推理题包含两个要素：第一是题干叙述中出现了两个相似的项目。第二是叙述中要有相同或者不同的含义。如果用常见的逻辑题分析形式表达即为：前提：A和B相似；条件：A有某个特点；结论：B也有这个特点。而解题方法其实很清晰，如果是增强题，则找两个事物的相同点。如果是削弱题，则找不同点。下面我们来看两个例题：
1. The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second. The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers. Clearly, therefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.
Which of the following is an assumption on which this argument depends?
A. Smokers are less likely than nonsmokers to have diets that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
B. The lung function of smokers whose diets are rich in those vitamins and minerals is generally better than that of nonsmokers with comparable diets.
C. People whose diets are deficient in those vitamins and minerals do not typically have other health problems in addition to diminished lung function.
D. Stopping smoking will not typically improve lung function more than any diet changes can.
E. Smoking does not introduce into the body chemicals that prevent the helpful vitamins and minerals from entering the bloodstream.
这道题我们发现，问的是前提，即增强类题目。分析一下题干发现，类比的两个对象是吸烟者和非吸烟者的肺功能水平。类比的结果，即我们的结论，是使吸烟者肺功能提升。类比的条件是摄入V&M。所以非吸烟者摄入V&M能提升肺功能。要使吸烟者摄入V&M肺功能也得到提升这个结论成立，必须是吸烟者摄入V&M后也能与非吸烟者有同样的效果。这题的正确答案选择E，即吸烟带来的影响不会阻碍这些V&M进入血管。这使吸烟者和非吸烟者的类比条件“相同”，能获得同样的效果。因此，我们发现，做增强类的类比推理题，是要使类比的两个对象尽可能地一致（相同）。接下来我们再来看一道削弱类的题目。
2. In the late 1980s, the population of sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean began to decline. Of the two plausible explanations for the decline— increased predation by killer whales or disease—disease is the more likely. After all, a concurrent sharp decline in the populations of seals and sea lions was almost certainly caused by a pollution-related disease, which could have spread to sea otters, whereas the population of killer whales did not change noticeably.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the reasoning?
A. Killer whales in the North Pacific usually prey on seals and sea lions but wil, when this food source is scarce, seek out other prey.
B. There is no indication that substantial numbers of sea otters migrated to other locations from the North Pacific in the 1980s.
C. Along the Pacific coast of North America in the 1980s, sea otters were absent from many locations where they had been relatively common in former times.
D. Following the in the population of the sea otters, there was an increase in the population of sea urchins, which are sea otters’ main food source.
E. The North Pacific populations of seals and sea lions cover a wider geographic area than does the population of sea otters.
这道削弱类的类比推理题，大致是说由于海狮和海豹由于疾病数量下降类比推出海狸也是也是由于疾病数量下降的。类比的对象是海狸和海狮/海豹，类比的结果是数量都下降了。类比条件是说由于海狮和海豹由于疾病原因数量下降，而海狸是因为疾病或者鲸鱼的捕食。所以我们发现其中的区别在于，海狸的数量还可能是由于被捕食下降的，因此选项中如果有表明海狸是由于这个原因下降的，就能够削弱题干中类比关系。因此这题的正确答案选择A。
因此，类比推理的题型，只要我们抓住类比对象的相同或者不同点，加以习题练习，就可以较好的解决疑问，提高正确率。
>>>武汉申友GMAT编辑<<<
评论回复或私信小编可以获取 GMAT 700+高分备考资料攻略，还可获取GMAT第一手换库资讯和GMAT机经课程，并且可参与申友GMAT 公开课、刷题团、单词团等GMAT提分活动。
很多GMAT小白刚开始接触逻辑的时候，对做题的方法比较生疏，其中就包括不熟悉类比推理的模式。那么今天就通过例题跟大家分享一下在考试过程中如何搞定类比推理的题目，希望对大家有帮助。
类比推理是指根据两个对象某些相同或相似属性，通过比较类推出它们在其他属性上也相同，从而证明论点的推理方法。所以判断一道题是不是类比推理题包含两个要素：第一是题干叙述中出现了两个相似的项目。第二是叙述中要有相同或者不同的含义。如果用常见的逻辑题分析形式表达即为：前提：A和B相似；条件：A有某个特点；结论：B也有这个特点。而解题方法其实很清晰，如果是增强题，则找两个事物的相同点。如果是削弱题，则找不同点。下面我们来看两个例题：
1. The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second. The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers. Clearly, therefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.
Which of the following is an assumption on which this argument depends?
A. Smokers are less likely than nonsmokers to have diets that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
B. The lung function of smokers whose diets are rich in those vitamins and minerals is generally better than that of nonsmokers with comparable diets.
C. People whose diets are deficient in those vitamins and minerals do not typically have other health problems in addition to diminished lung function.
D. Stopping smoking will not typically improve lung function more than any diet changes can.
E. Smoking does not introduce into the body chemicals that prevent the helpful vitamins and minerals from entering the bloodstream.
这道题我们发现，问的是前提，即增强类题目。分析一下题干发现，类比的两个对象是吸烟者和非吸烟者的肺功能水平。类比的结果，即我们的结论，是使吸烟者肺功能提升。类比的条件是摄入V&M。所以非吸烟者摄入V&M能提升肺功能。要使吸烟者摄入V&M肺功能也得到提升这个结论成立，必须是吸烟者摄入V&M后也能与非吸烟者有同样的效果。这题的正确答案选择E，即吸烟带来的影响不会阻碍这些V&M进入血管。这使吸烟者和非吸烟者的类比条件“相同”，能获得同样的效果。因此，我们发现，做增强类的类比推理题，是要使类比的两个对象尽可能地一致（相同）。接下来我们再来看一道削弱类的题目。
2. In the late 1980s, the population of sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean began to decline. Of the two plausible explanations for the decline— increased predation by killer whales or disease—disease is the more likely. After all, a concurrent sharp decline in the populations of seals and sea lions was almost certainly caused by a pollution-related disease, which could have spread to sea otters, whereas the population of killer whales did not change noticeably.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the reasoning?
A. Killer whales in the North Pacific usually prey on seals and sea lions but wil, when this food source is scarce, seek out other prey.
B. There is no indication that substantial numbers of sea otters migrated to other locations from the North Pacific in the 1980s.
C. Along the Pacific coast of North America in the 1980s, sea otters were absent from many locations where they had been relatively common in former times.
D. Following the in the population of the sea otters, there was an increase in the population of sea urchins, which are sea otters’ main food source.
E. The North Pacific populations of seals and sea lions cover a wider geographic area than does the population of sea otters.
这道削弱类的类比推理题，大致是说由于海狮和海豹由于疾病数量下降类比推出海狸也是也是由于疾病数量下降的。类比的对象是海狸和海狮/海豹，类比的结果是数量都下降了。类比条件是说由于海狮和海豹由于疾病原因数量下降，而海狸是因为疾病或者鲸鱼的捕食。所以我们发现其中的区别在于，海狸的数量还可能是由于被捕食下降的，因此选项中如果有表明海狸是由于这个原因下降的，就能够削弱题干中类比关系。因此这题的正确答案选择A。
因此，类比推理的题型，只要我们抓住类比对象的相同或者不同点，加以习题练习，就可以较好的解决疑问，提高正确率。
>>>武汉申友GMAT编辑<<<
评论回复或私信小编可以获取 GMAT 700+高分备考资料攻略，还可获取GMAT第一手换库资讯和GMAT机经课程，并且可参与申友GMAT 公开课、刷题团、单词团等GMAT提分活动。
